Footnotes/Endnotes are used, in papers concerning the humanities, to identify specific sources of information, and are identified by a superscript (above the line) number at the end of the borrowed information:

Theodore Ropp notes that the German Imperial Navy was the fifth largest in Europe when Wilhelm II became emperor.¹

Use a new number each time you present a new quote or paraphrase, even if you use only one or two sources. Notes are arranged in numerical order at the bottom of each page (footnote) or on a separate page at the end of the paper (endnotes). On-line numerals for footnotes are preferable, but superscript is acceptable. Always use on-line numerals for endnotes. The heading ENDNOTES should be centered two inches from the top of the first page of endnotes. Within each note, the author's name comes first, then the title. If there is no author, the title comes first.

A bibliography is a list of all the sources that contributed information to your paper. It should appear on a separate page at the end of your paper. The heading BIBLIOGRAPHY is centered two inches from the top of the page. A bibliography is arranged in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference, whether it's a last name, an organization name, or the first word of a title (ignore "A," "An," and "The").

If italics are not available, use underlining (examples of both are provided), but be sure to use one or the other throughout the paper, not both.

PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES/REFERENCE LISTS Using parenthetical references and reference lists is generally recommended for papers concerning the natural and social sciences. To cite a reference within the text, use author's name and date of publication, without a comma, within parentheses. A comma and a specific page number may precede the final parenthesis.

A reference list (used with parenthetical references) goes at the end of the paper with the title REFERENCES, WORKS CITED, LITERATURE CITED or another appropriate title. References are arranged alphabetically; titles and subtitles are capitalized sentence style.

If you have a type of source not covered by this style sheet, ask a SLAC counselor to show you Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th Edition.

CITATION SAMPLES
(N=Footnote/Endnote B=Bibliography PR=Parenthetical Reference RL=Reference List)

IMPORTANT NOTE: Due to differences in internet browsers, monitors, and display settings, proper indentations may not occur on your printed copy of this handout.. Remember to indent 5 spaces on the first line only for Footnotes/Endnotes (N) and to indent 5 spaces on all lines except the first line for Bibliography and Reference List formats (B and RL). Parenthetical References (PR) appear within the text after information that is quoted, paraphrased or summarized. Endnotes and bibiliographies are single-spaced with a blank line between items.

For most newspaper citations, use only the name of the paper and the date; however, for large papers with sections that are separately paginated, use section number or letter, page number, and edition letter. For the reader's convenience, include the title of the article and the author's name, if given. News items from daily papers need not be included in the bibliography; instead, use a note or parenthetical reference in the text.
 

Citations of electronic documents can follow the same general form as citations of printed materials.  The same basic information is needed:  author and title of the particular item; name and description of the source cited, whether CD-ROM, some other physical form, or an on-line source; city of publication, if any; publisher or vendor (or both); date of publication or access (or both); and identifying numbers or pathway needed for access to the material.  Citations of material previously issued in print should include the same information and use the same style as any references to books and periodicals, as well as providing the additional information necessary to locate the electronic version.

       ¹Richard D. Lanham, The Electronic Word:  Democracy, Technology, and the Arts
[diskette] (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1993).

      ²Robin Toner, "Senate Approves Welfare Plan That Would End Aid Guarantee,"  New
York Times, 20 September 1995, national ed., A1,  New York Times Ondisc [CD-ROM].

      ⁴Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., s.v. "glossolalia" [CD-ROM] (Oxford
University Press, 1992).

      ¹⁰William J. Mitchell, City of Bits:  Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on-line]
(Cambridge, Mass.:  MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995); available from
http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/index.html; Internet.

      ¹¹Joanne C. Baker and Richard W. Hunstead, "Revealing the Effects of Orientation in
Composite Quasar Spectra," Astrophysical Journal 452:L95-L98, 20 October 1995
[journal on-line]; available from http://ww.aas.org/ApJ/v452n2/5309.html; Internet; accessed 29 September 1995.
 

N
        56. Rosabel Flax. Guidelines for Teaching Mathematics K-12 (Topeka: Kansas State
Department of Education, 1979) [database on-line]; available from Dialog, ERIC, ED 178312.

B
Flax, Rosabel. Guidelines for Teaching Mathematics K-12. Topeka: Kansas Department
        of Education, 1979.  Database on-line. Available from Dialog, ERIC, ED
       178312.

PR
(Flax 1979)

RL
Flax, Rosabel.  1979.  Guidelines for teaching mathematics K-12.  Topeka:  Kansas
        Department of Education.  Database on-line.  Available from Dialog, ERIC, ED
        178312.

Examples from Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th Edition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
 

Revised: Spring 2001
Student Learning Assistance Center (SLAC)
Southwest Texas State University